Journal of Emergency Nursing
Volume 36, Issue 3 , Pages 221-230 , May 2010

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury/Concussion: A Review for ED Nurses

  • Karen Bergman, RN, CCRN

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationFor correspondence, write: Karen Bergman, 601 John St, Kalamazoo, MI 49007
    • ,
  • Esther Bay, PhD, ACNS BC, CCRN

References 

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Traumatic brain injury. Available at: www.cdc.govAccessed February 1, 2007
  2. Langlois JA, Rutland-Brown W, Thomas KE. Traumatic brain injury in the United States: emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nation Center for Injury Prevention and Control; 2006;
  3. Setnik L, Bazarian J. The characteristics of patients who seek medical treatment for traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2007;21:1–9
  4. Alexander MP. Mild traumatic brain injury: Pathophysiology, natural history, and clinical management. Neurology. 1995;45:1253–1260
  5. de Kruijk JR, Leffers P, Menheere P, Meerhoff S, Rutten J, Twijnstra A. Prediction of post-traumatic complaints after mild traumatic brain injury: early symptoms and biochemical markers. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73:727–732
  6. Dikmen S, Machamer J, Temkin N. Mild head injury: facts and artifacts. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2001;23:729–738
  7. Rappoport M, Levin H, McCauley S, Song A. The role of injury severity in neurobehavioral outcome three months after traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 2002;15:123–132
  8. Kashluba S, Paniak C, Blake T, Reynolds S, Toller-Lobe G, Nagi J. A longitudinal, controlled study of patient complaints following treated mild traumatic brain injury. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;19:805–816
  9. Lundin A, De Boussard C, Edman G, Borg J. Symptoms and disability until 3 months after mild TBI. Brain Inj. 2006;20:799–806
  10. Yang C, Tu Y, Hua M, Huang S. The association between the postconcussion symptoms and clinical outcomes for patients with mild traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care. 2007;62:657–663
  11. Bazarian JJ, Atabaki S. Predicting postconcussion syndrome after minor traumatic brain injury. Acad Emerg Med. 2001;8:788–795
  12. Lannsjö M, Geijerstam JL, Johansson U, Bring J, Borg J. Prevalence and structure of symptoms at 3 months after mild traumatic brain injury in a national cohort. Brain Inj. 2009;23:213–219
  13. Blostein P, Jones S. Identification and evaluation of patients with mild traumatic brain injury: results of a national survey of Level I trauma centers. J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care. 2003;55:450–453
  14. Bazarian JJ, McClung J, Shah MN, Cheng YT, Flesher W, Kraus J. Mild traumatic brain injury in the United States, 1998–2000. Brain Inj. 2005;9:85–91
  15. Fung M, Willer B, Moreland D, Leddy JJ. A proposal for an evidenced-based emergency department discharge form for mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2006;20:889–894
  16. Jagoda A, Bazarian J, Bruns J, et al. Decision-making in adult Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in the acute setting. J Emerg Nurs. 2008;35:e5–e40
  17. Yeates KO, Taylor HG, Rusin J, et al. Longitudinal trajectories of postconcussive symptoms in children with mild traumatic brain injuries and their relationship to acute clinical status. Pediatrics. 2009;123:723–743
  18. Savola O, Hillbom M. Early predictors of post-concussion symptoms in patients with mild head injury. Eur J Neurol. 2003;10:175–181
  19. McCauley S, Boake C, Levin H, Contant Cl, Song J. Postconcussional disorder following mild to moderate traumatic brain injury: anxiety, depression, and social support as risk factors and comorbidities. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2001;23:792–808
  20. Dischinger PC, Ryb GE, Kufera JA, Auman KM. Early predictors of postconcussive syndrome in a population of trauma patients with mild traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care. 2009;66:289–297
  21. Kraus J, Schaffer K, Ayers K, Stenehjem J, Shen H, Afifi A. Physical complaints, medical service use, and social and employment changes following mild traumatic brain injury: a 6-month longitudinal study. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2005;20:239–256
  22. Nicholson K, Martelli M. The problem of pain. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2004;19:2–9
  23. Deb S, Lyons I, Koutzoukis C, Ali I, McCarthy G. Rate of psychiatric illness 1 year after traumatic brain injury. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:374–378
  24. Deb S, Lyons I, Koutzoukis C. Neuropsychiatric sequelae one year after a minor head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;65:899–902
  25. Bay E, Bergman K. Symptom experience and emotional distress after traumatic brain injury. Care Manage J. 2006;7:3–9
  26. Mooney G, Speed J. The association between mild traumatic brain injury and psychiatric conditions. Brain Inj. 2001;15:865–877
  27. Harvey A, Bryant R. Two-year prospective evaluation of the relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder following mild traumatic brain injury. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:626–628
  28. Sojka P, Stålnacke BM, Björnstig U, Karlsson K. One-year follow-up of patients with mild traumatic brain injury: occurrence of post-traumatic stress-related symptoms at follow-up and serum levels of cortisol, S-100B and neuron-specific enolase in acute phase. Brain Inj. 2006;20:613–620
  29. Feinstein A, Rapoport M. Mild traumatic brain injury: the silent epidemic. Can J Public Health. 2000;91:325–326
  30. Bay E, Kirsch N, Gillespie B. Chronic stress conditions do explain posttraumatic brain injury depression. Res Theory Nurs Pract. 2004;18:213–228
  31. McAllister TW, Saykin AJ, Flashman LA, et al. Brain activation during working memory one month after mild traumatic brain injury: a functional MRI study. Neurology. 1999;53:1300–1308
  32. Ponsford J, Willmott C, Tothwell A, et al. Factors influencing outcome following mild traumatic brain injury in adults. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2000;6:568–579
  33. Nolin P, Heroux L. Relations among sociodemographic, neurologic, clinical, and neuropsychologic variables, and vocational status following mild traumatic brain injury: a follow-up study. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2006;21:514–526
  34. Rath JF, Langenbahn DM, Simon D, Sherr RL, Fletcher J, Diller L. The construct of problem solving in higher level neuropsychological assessment and rehabilitation. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;19:613–635
  35. Serino A, Ciaramelli E, Santantonio AD, Malagu S, Servadei F, Ladavas E. A pilot study for rehabilitation of central executive deficits after traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2007;21:11–19
  36. Mathias JL, Beall JA, Bigler ED. Neuropsychological and information processing deficits following mild traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2004;10:286–297
  37. Belanger HG, Vanderploeg RD. The neuropsychological impact of sports-related concussion: a meta-analysis. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2005;11:345–357
  38. Paniak C, Toller-Lobe G, Durand A, Nagy J. A randomized trial of two treatments for mild traumatic brain inury. Brain Inj. 1998;12:1011–1023
  39. Paniak C, Toller-Lobe G, Reynolds S, Melnyk A, Nagy J. A randomized trial of two treatments for mild traumatic brain inury: 1 year follow-up. Brain Inj. 2000;14:219–226
  40. Ponsford J, Willmott C, Rothwell A, et al. Impact of early intervention on outcome after mild traumatic brain injury in children. Pediatrics. 2001;108:1297–1302
  41. Ponsford J. Rehabilitation interventions after mild head injury. Curr Opin Neurol. 2005;18:692–697
  42. Bell KR, Hoffman JM, Temkin NR, et al. The effect of telephone counseling on reducing post-traumatic symptoms after mild traumatic brain inury: a randomized trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79:1275–1281
  43. Gioia G, Collins M. Acute concussion evaluation. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/tbi/ACE_ED.pdfAccessed March 1, 2009
  44. Gioia GA, Collins M, Isquith PK. Improving identification and diagnosis of mild traumatic brain injury with evidence: psychometric support for the acute concussion evaluation. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2008;23:230–242
  45. McAllister TW, Arciniegas D. Evaluation and treatment of postconcussive symptoms. Neurorehabilitation. 2002;17:265–283
  46. Bronfort G, Nilsson N, Haas M, et al. Non-invasive physical treatments for chronic/recurrent headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(3):CD001878
  47. Branca B, Lake AE. Psychological and neuropsychological integration in multidisciplinary pain management after TBI. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2004;19:40–57
  48. Maskell F, Chiarelli P, Isles R. Dizziness after traumatic brain injury: overview and measurement in the clinical setting. Brain Inj. 2006;20:293–305
  49. Borgaro S, Prigatano G. Modification of the Patient Competency Rating Scale for use on an acute neurorehabilitation unit: the PCRS-NR. Brain Inj. 2003;17:847–853
  50. Stulemeijer M, van der Werf S, Bleijenberg G, Biert J, Brauer J, Vos PE. Recovery from mild traumatic brain injury: a focus on fatigue. J Neurol. 2006;253:1041–1047
  51. Borgaro SR, Baker J, Wethe JV, Prigatano GP, Kwasnica C. Subjective reports of fatigue during early recovery from traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2005;20:416–425
  52. Bay E, Xie E. Psychological and biologic correlates of fatigue after mild to moderate traumatic brain injury. West J Nurs Res. In press.
  53. Sikorskii A, Given C, Given B, Jeon S, McCorkle R. Testing the effects of treatment complications on a cognitive-behavioral intervention for reducing symptom severity. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2006;32:129–139
  54. Armes J, Chalder T, Addington-Hall J, Richardson A, Hotopf M. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a brief, behaviorally oriented intervention for cancer-related fatigue. Cancer. 2007;110:1385–1395
  55. Cicerone KD, Dahlberg C, Malec JF, et al. Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: updated review of the literature from 1998 through 2002. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86:1681–1692
  56. Comper P, Bisschop SM, Carnide N, Tricco A. A systematic review of treatments for mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2005;19:863–880
  57. Sheedy J, Geffen G, Donnelly J, Faux S. Emergency department assessment of mild traumatic brain injury and prediction of post-concussion symptoms at one month post injury. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2006;28:755–772

PII: S0099-1767(09)00308-0

doi: 10.1016/j.jen.2009.07.001

Journal of Emergency Nursing
Volume 36, Issue 3 , Pages 221-230 , May 2010

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution